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VORP converts Box Plus/Minus into a cumulative value metric. It measures total value a player provides over a replacement-level (-2.0 BPM) player, scaled by playing time.
Value Over Replacement Player (VORP) takes BPM and converts it into a cumulative value metric by accounting for playing time. A replacement-level player is defined as one with a -2.0 BPM. Players like Nikola Jokic accumulate enormous VORP because they combine elite BPM with heavy minutes.
VORP rewards players who contribute at a high level over many minutes. Iron-man stars who play 35+ minutes per game will naturally accumulate more VORP than part-time contributors, even if their per-minute impact is similar.
VORP stands for Value Over Replacement Player. It estimates how many points per 100 possessions a player contributes above a replacement-level player, multiplied by the percentage of team minutes played.
A VORP above 2.0 is strong starter level. Above 4.0 is All-Star caliber. Above 6.0 is MVP-level. The single-season record is held by Michael Jordan at 12.1 in 1987-88.
BPM is a rate stat (per 100 possessions) while VORP is cumulative. A player with moderate BPM but heavy minutes can have higher VORP than a high-BPM player with limited minutes.
Replacement level is set at -2.0 BPM, representing the production of a freely available minor league or end-of-bench player. VORP measures how much value above this baseline a player provides.